Well, in dmesg there are the error messages regarding mmcblk0 which is the flash memory device. That's why I think something is wrong with the flash memory. There are more messages regarding this:
<6>[ 20.999730] mmcblk0: unable to read partition table
<3>[ 31.229943] end_request: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 0
<3>[ 31.235360] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0, logical block 0
<3>[ 31.241302] end_request: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 8
<3>[ 31.246732] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0, logical block 1
<3>[ 31.252668] end_request: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 16
<3>[ 31.258165] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0, logical block 2
<3>[ 31.264102] end_request: I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 24
<3>[ 31.269609] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0, logical block 3
It might be that initramfs is running on your box. That might explain why you can connect to the box and why /proc/cmdline is empty.
But this would also tell us that the kernel cannot be read from the flash memory. So it's maybe also no option to only flash a new kernel.
Are the devices /dev/mmcblk0* present on the box?
ls -la /dev/mmcblk0*
If yes, what is the output when you try to mount one of the partitions?
mkdir /tmp/m
mount /dev/mmcblk0p4 /tmp/m
Edited by betacentauri, 23 January 2020 - 17:34.